Science of Learning Institute
How students learn, graded by the evidence.
Fourteen principles from the science of learning, each graded from Proven in classrooms to Retired, with tools built for parents, teachers, principals, superintendents and state leaders.
Every practice carries one of four grades. See how we grade.
Reviewed · 1 min read
- Proven in classroomsRandomized trials in real schools, plus a lab reason it works
- StrongMany controlled experiments; fewer classroom trials, same direction
- PromisingSound theory, some experiments; classroom results thin or mixed
- RetiredTested and failed, or never properly tested
Principles
Principle 01
Working memory is small
Evidence grade: Strong3 to 5
chunks working memory holds at once, not seven
Principle 02
Explicit teaching for new material
Evidence grade: Strong164 studies
explicit teaching beat unassisted discovery
Principle 03
Worked examples
Evidence grade: Strongg = 0.48
gain in math from worked examples, across random-assignment studies
Principle 04
Check every student
Evidence grade: Strong+2 months
of GCSE progress in a 140-school randomized trial
Principle 05
Feedback on the task, not the student
Evidence grade: StrongOver 1 in 3
feedback interventions lowered performance (607 effect sizes)
Principle 06
Quizzing from memory
Evidence grade: Proven in classroomsAbout 0.5 SD
achievement gain from quizzing across 222 classroom studies
Principle 07
Spaced practice
Evidence grade: Strong317 experiments
the longer you need to remember, the longer the gaps
Principle 08
Mixed math practice
Evidence grade: Proven in classrooms61% vs 38%
mixed vs. blocked practice on a surprise test a month later
Principle 09
Systematic phonics
Evidence grade: Proven in classrooms0.24 to 0.41
range of phonics effects across analyses, all positive
Principle 10
Knowledge-building curriculum
Evidence grade: Proven in classrooms+16 percentile points
in reading, grades 3–6, in a lottery study
Principle 11
Fractions on the number line
Evidence grade: Proven in classrooms5 randomized trials
of a 12-week program for 4th graders at risk in math
Principle 12
Small-group tutoring
Evidence grade: Proven in classrooms0.29 SD
average gain across 89 randomized trials of tutoring
Principle 13
The curriculum you choose
Evidence grade: Proven in classrooms110 schools
in a randomized trial of four math curricula
Principle 14
Direct Instruction programs
Evidence grade: Strong328 studies
positive effects in reading, math, language and spelling
| K–2 | 3–5 | 6–8 | 9–12 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reading and ELA | Deepphonics trials | Somelottery study | Thinnone specific | Thinnone specific |
| Math | Somecurriculum trial | Deepfraction trials | Deepmixing trial | SomeChicago tutoring |
| Science | SomeMORE trial | SomeKlahr studies | Somequizzing studies | Thinnone specific |
| Social studies | Somelottery, MORE | Thincorrelation only | Somequizzing studies | Thinnone specific |
Source: judged from the studies cited on each of the 16 grade pages
What we don't know yet
- How best to combine these practices in a full school program; scaled multi-strategy trials have often shown small effects (Perry(opens in a new tab)).
- How well most findings hold for children under 7; the EEF found little early-years evidence (Tes(opens in a new tab)).
Sources
Tools
Board brief: knowledge-building curriculum
One board meeting
Curriculum review rubric: math and ELA, K–5
One adoption cycle
Five-minute visit card
5 minutes a visit, 10 visits a week
Lesson shape card
Taped inside a planning binder
Tutoring system: structure, accountability, data
30-minute sessions, 3 a week
Twelve Minutes at the Kitchen Table
12 minutes a night